Title & Author | Abstract | |
---|---|---|
10(023) | THE G FACTOR: THE SCIENCE OF MENTAL ABILITY
Precis of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor [Praeger, 1998 xiv + 648 pp. ISBN 0-275-96103-6 ISSN 1063-2158] Precis of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Graduate School of Education University of California, Berkeley nesnejanda@AOL.Com |
Abstract:
The g factor is the highest-order common factor that can
be extracted in a hierarchical factor analysis from a large battery
of diverse tests of various cognitive abilities. It is the most
important psychometric construct in the study of individual
differences in human cognitive abilities. Since its discovery by
Spearman in 1904, the g factor has become so firmly established as
a major psychological construct in terms of psychometric and factor
analytic criteria that further research along these lines is very
unlikely either to disconfirm the construct validity of g or to add
anything essentially new to our understanding of it. In fact, g,
unlike any of the primary, or first-order, factors revealed by
factor analysis, cannot be described in terms of the knowledge
content of cognitive test items, or in terms of skills, or even in
terms of theoretical cognitive processes. It is not essentially a
psychological or behavioral variable, but a biological one, a
property of the brain. But although not itself a cognitive ability,
g is what causes positive correlations among individual differences
in performance, even on cognitive tasks that differ greatly with
respect to sensory motor modality, brain modularity, and learned
cognitive skills and knowledge. The g factor derived from
conventional nonspeeded psychometric tests shows higher
correlations than any other factors independent of g with various
measures of information-processing efficiency, such as working
memory capacity, choice and discrimination reaction times, and
perceptual speed. A test's g loading is the best predictor of its
heritability and its sensitivity to inbreeding depression.
Psychometric g also has more direct biological correlates than any
other independent source of test variance, for example brain size,
brain evoked potentials, nerve conduction velocity, and the brain's
glucose metabolic rate during cognitive activity. The ultimate
arbiter among various "theories of intelligence" must be the
physical properties of the brain itself. The current frontier of g
research is the investigation of the anatomical and physiological
features of the brain that cause g. Research has reached the point
at which the only direction left in which to go is that presaged by
Spearman himself, who wrote that the final understanding of g must
"come from the most profound and detailed direct study of the human
brain in its purely physical and chemical aspects" (1927, p.403).
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(039) | THE G FACTOR AND EVENT-RELATED EEG POTENTIALS
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Rolf Verleger Department of Neurology Medical University D 23538 Luebeck http://www.neuro.mu-luebeck.de/fgverleger_e.htm Verleger@Neuro.MU-Luebeck.De |
Abstract:
The empirical basis provided by Jensen for his claim that
the psychometric g factor has evoked potentials as its "biological
correlate" is critically considered in the light of current
knowledge about event-related EEG potentials.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(044) | THE "JENSEN EFFECT" AND G VECTOR ANALYSIS
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor J. Philippe Rushton Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London, Ontario N6A 5C2 Canada http://www.sscl.uwo.ca/psychology/faculty/rushton.html http://www.bookworld.com/rushton rushton@julian.uwo.ca |
Abstract:
Jensen's method of correlated vectors is the jewel in the
crown of his 30-year research on the nature of Spearman's g.
Significant correlations between g-factor loadings and other
variables, "Jensen Effects," are discussed here in relation to
Black/White differences.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(047) | DEFENDING THE SCIENCE OF MENTAL ABILITY AND ITS CENTRAL DOGMA
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Joseph A. Buckhalt Department of Counseling & Counseling Psychology Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849 buckhja@auburn.edu |
Abstract:
Reaching back to the original theory of Spearman, Jensen
presents a comprehensive synthesis of the past century's evidence
and concludes that g and its nexus constitute no less than the
central dogma of psychometrics, the science of mental ability.
While his conclusions regarding behavioral and psychometric
correlates of g are largely convincing, those regarding the
presumed biological and evolutionary foundations of g are less
strong. It is a formidable work that enriches our understanding of
individual differences in intelligence and it is sure to stimulate
more scientific research and debate.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(048) | DEMYSTIFYING G
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Ken Richardson Centre for Human Development & Learning The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA United Kingdom k.richardson@open.ac.uk |
Abstract:
Jensen's elaborate thesis on g can be shown to be based
on several fallacious premises. IQ tests are merely clever
numerical surrogates for social class. The numerous correlations
evoked in support of g arise from this. His 'genetic' arguments are
based on a highly simplistic, and outmoded, model of genes. And his
model of "race" is based on evolutionary misconceptions.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(049) | THE BIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF THE G FACTOR
Book review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Uner Tan Department of Physiology Medical Faculty, Blacksea Technical University Trabzon, Turkey http://www.ktu.edu.tr/jensenbook.txt unertan@mailcity.com |
Abstract:
The biological correlates of g (brain size, evoked
potentials, and sex hormones) analyzed by Jensen (1998, 1999) are
critically considered in the light of the current literature.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(057) | BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM UNWARRANTED
Book review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor B. Raymond Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3SR United Kingdom http://www.nerc-oxford.ac.uk bdhr@wpo.nerc.ac.uk |
Abstract:
Jensen (1998) does not present any evidence for the
external validity of g other than through biological correlations
with IQ. Hence it is impossible to assess the validity of g in
comparison with competing theories from this book. The author's
interpretation of heritability estimates of IQ and of racial
differences in IQ adoption studies ignores any potential maternal
effects on IQ. His insistence that the primary cause of variation
in IQ within and between races is genetic does not seem warranted
by the evidence presented.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(058) | A HISTORIAN'S LOOK AT THE G FACTOR
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Raymond E. Fancher Department of Psychology York University Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada fancher@yorku.ca |
Abstract:
The historical sections of Jensen's (1998, 1999) "The g
Factor" do not mention the strong connections between the origins
of intelligence testing and eugenics. They also fail to acknowledge
some of Jensen's major critics, and certain changes in his own
views as expressed over the past 30 years. This failure to deal
with his critics and with the troubling history of aspects of
intelligence testing may make it difficult for Jensen to convince
an audience not already converted to his views.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(059) | A BALANCE SHEET ON PERSISTENCE
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Charles Locurto Department of Psychology College of the Holy Cross Worcester, MA 01610, USA http://sterling.holycross.edu/departments/psychology/clocurto/home.htm clocurto@holycross.edu |
Abstract:
"The g Factor" is Jensen's (1998, 1999) most comprehensive
statement about the origins of differences in human intelligence.
The book's impact may unfortunately be diminished because of his
detailed attention to race differences. It is g's fundamental
importance in predicting a wide variety of real-world outcomes and
its covariation with a number of biological and cognitive indices
that should be the focus of debate about general intelligence.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(060) | THE g FACTOR AND THE ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN COMPLEX BEHAVIOR
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Ty Partridge Health Research and Policy Centers University of Illinois at Chicago 850 W. Jackson, Suite 400 Chicago, IL 60607 Tpartrid@uic.edu |
Abstract:
The central argument of Jensen's (1998) book is that the
g-factor is a biological phenomenon. Thus, individual and
population differences are a function of evolutionary processes.
Several key assumptions underlying this assertion are critically
considered here.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(062) | RACIALISM, RACISM, AND THE BIGOT BRIGADE
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor C. Loring Brace Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan 1109 Geddes Avenue Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA http://www.umma.lsa.umich.edu clbrace@umich.edu |
Abstract:
Jensen (1998) differs from Jensen (1969) only in
statistical elaboration. Although 'intelligence' is described as a
'construct' and therefore something that should be discarded as a
word, it lives on as 'g' which in fact is a construct of factor
analysis. 'Races' may themselves be social constructs, but since
people believe in them, they live on as entities to be invested
with varying amounts of 'g'. However, not only do races have no
biological coherence, but an assessment of the millions of years of
hominid prehistory leads to the espectable null hypothesis that
there should be no difference in mental capability between any of
the human groups in the world. Assumptions to the contrary qualify
as racialism and actions based on those assumptions qualify as
racism.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(064) | INTELLIGENCE AND RACE: THE HOUSE OF CARDS
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Paul J. M. Jorion Director, Du Sujet: Théorie et Praxis, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 54 boulevard Raspail 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France http://aris.ss.uci.edu/~jorion paul_jorion@.msn.com |
Abstract:
In "The g Factor," Jensen (1998, 1999) fails to establish
his claim of the existence of an 18 point lag between the average
IQ score for American blacks compared to American whites. The
populations upon which he tested his hypothesis are constructed in
a faulty manner, leading to an invalid treatment of data. The gap
he discovers may therefore be a statistical artifact. He emphasises
that no cultural bias is present in IQ testing, but the criterion
through which his test groups are defined is supported only by
cultural usage and falls within his own classification under the
category "Wrong Conceptions of Race".
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(067) | THE G FACTOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Joseph C. Kush Department of Counselling, Psychology and Special Education 412B Canevin Hall Duquesne University Pittsburgh, PA 15282-5585 kush@duq.edu |
Abstract:
Arthur Jensen's (1998, 1999) new book, "The G-Factor: The
Science of Mental Ability," examines the historical evolution of
the g factor as well as many of the modern-day implications of this
development for psychologists. The implications of his findings for
school psychologists are discussed, as are suggestions for future
research.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(068) | STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF NEOCORTICAL INTERACTIONS:
REACTION TIME CORRELATES OF THE g FACTOR Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Lester Ingber PO Box 06440 Wacker Dr PO Sears Tower Chicago, IL 60606 and DRW Investments LLC 311 S Wacker Dr Ste 900 Chicago, IL 60606 http://www.ingber.com/ ingber@ingber.com, ingber@alumni.caltech.edu |
Abstract:
A statistical mechanics of neuronal interactions (SMNI)
is explored as providing some substance to a physiological basis
for the g factor. Some specific elements of SMNI, previously used
to develop a theory of short-term memory (STM) and a model of
electroencephalography (EEG), are key to providing this basis.
Specifically, Hick's Law, an observed linear relationship between
reaction time (RT) and the information storage of STM, in turn
correlated to a RT-g relationship, is derived.
Keywords: short term memory; nonlinear systems; statistical models |
10(072) | THE MODIFIABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Earl Hunt Department of Psychology Box 251525 The University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-1525; USA ehunt@u.washington.edu |
Abstract:
Jensen asserts that general intelligence (g) exists; that
it is largely biological and immutable; that racial differences in
intelligence test scores reflect differences in underlying
cognitive ability, are genetic in origin, and are probably
immutable. I argue that one must distinguish between factors
underlying g. A substantial part of the variation in intelligence
is biological, but modifiable. Racial differences in cognitive
skills do exist but they can be modified to some extent by social
means. The extent to which racial differences are biological is
unknown at present, and speculation without evidence is unwise.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(073) | BIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF IQ SCORES DO NOT NECESSARILY MEAN THAT G EXISTS
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Nicholas R Burns Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia http://cvs.anu.edu.au/nick/home.htm Burns@rsbs.anu.edu.au |
Abstract:
Jensen (1998) argues that biological correlates of IQ
scores establish the substantiveness of general intelligence (g).
This review critically examines three pieces of evidence Jensen
adduces to support this claim: event-related potentials, brain
nerve conduction velocity, and inspection time. It is argued that
Jensen's conclusions are premature and therefore unwarranted.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(074) | IS SPEARMAN'S G DETERMINED BY SPEED OR WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY?
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Andrew R. A. Conway Department of Psychology (M/C 285) University of Illinois at Chicago 1007 West Harrison Street Chicago, IL 60607 www.uic.edu/depts/psch/conway-1.html Michael J. Kane Georgia State University www.gsu.edu/~wwwpsy/faculty/kane.htm Randall W. Engle Georgia Institute of Technology www.psychology.gatech.edu/ aconway@uic.edu mkane@gsu.edu re23@prism.gatech.edu |
Abstract:
According to Jensen, processing speed accounts for the
relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and general
fluid abilities (gF). We argue that WMC, not speed, is the causal
factor in the speed-WMC-gF relationship. Furthermore, we suggest
that WMC, which reflects controlled attention capability, is the
basis of gF.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(075) | EXPLORING COMPONENT CORRELATIONS RATHER THAN G
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor N. J. Mackintosh Department of Experimental Psychology University of Cambridge, Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EB United Kingdom phone: 44-1223-333551 njm7@cus.cam.ac.uk] |
Abstract:
One of Jensen's central arguments is that g is a
biological phenomenon, to be elucidated by the study of the brain
and of performance on "elementary cognitive tasks," rather than by
an experimental cognitive analysis of IQ test items. This argument
is found unconvincing.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(079) | BORN BEFORE GENES: THE g LEGACY
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Gordon M. Harrington Department of Psychology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls, IA 50614 gordon.harrington@uni.edu |
Abstract:
Jensen (1998, 1999) offers a comprehensive presentation
of the argument that the g-factor, as defined by hierarchical
common factor models, constitutes the core and major component of
human intellective function. Its validity includes matters of
evolution and inheritance of g with attendant consequences for both
individual and group differences such as racial differences. The
future is envisioned as elucidating the details of the genetic and
brain elements of g. The uninformed reader would have no hint that
there is also a century of work which can be cited against the
argument. The g model is not consistent with mainstream twentieth
century work in evolution and in genetics. Some of the main points
of conflict are examined.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(082) | CORRELATED VECTORS, g, AND THE "JENSEN EFFECT"
Reply to Rushton on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
The "method of correlated vectors," which Rushton (1999)
has dubbed the "Jensen Effect," was devised as one method for
discovering non-psychometric correlates of psychometric g. It plays
an important role in my book and could probably be applied even
more extensively to data analyses already reported in the
psychological literature.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(083) | THE GALTON-SPEARMAN PARADIGM AS A PROGRESSIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
Reply to Buckhalt on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
All roads in the scientific study of human abilities lead
back to Galton and Spearman. Buckhalt (1999) has clearly identified
the main elements of the research programme that they originated,
referring to these as the 'central dogma' of psychometrics. This
long-running research programme has generated more established
facts about human abilities and by far more practically useful
applications of its methods than any other efforts in the study of
human variation in mental traits. It has emerged theoretically,
methodologically, and empirically as the most coherent, clearly
articulated, and progressive research program in the development of
a true science of mental abilities.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(084) | EVOKED BRAIN POTENTIALS AND G
Reply to Verleger on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
IQ does indeed have a number of physical correlates,
established in a great many studies of ERP (event-related brain
potentials) and other brain measurements derived from PET scans and
MRI. But IQ test scores embrace the variance of a number of
independent ability factors. The hypothesis I tried to address with
the method of correlated vectors was whether the g factor per se
was related to individual differences in the ERP. In the two
studies in the ERP literature that permitted application of the
correlated vectors method (because they reported the correlations
of the ERP with each of the various subtests on which the Full
Scale IQ was based), I found that the ERPs were remarkably related
to the g factor per se, and in one study the IQ/ERP correlation
vanished entirely when g was statistically partialled out of the
various IQ subtests.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
10(085) | EVOKED POTENTIALS, TESTOSTERONE, AND G
Reply to Tan on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Tan (1999) questions some of the evidence presented in
"The g Factor" (Jensen, 1998) showing biological correlates of g,
the highest-order common factor in a battery of diverse mental
tests. Tan's most interesting comments concern sex differences
that affect mental abilities, possibly including the correlations
of g with various physiological indices, through hormonal
differences between the sexes, particularly testosterone.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(002) | SELF-AWARENESS AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MARKING OF G
Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Andreas Demetriou Department of Educational Sciences University of Cyprus P.O. Box 53 1678 Nicosia, CYPRUS ademet@ucy.ac.cy |
Abstract:
Jensen's model of intelligence is contrasted with a
cognitive-developmental model in which accurate self-representation
of cognitive processes is a basic characteristic of human thinking
and intelligence. This is ignored in Jensen's model. However, there
is evidence that content-free processes pertinent to g, such as
speed of processing, are directly recorded in one's self-image.
This, in turn, influences one's thinking style, the disposition to
be open to experience, and thus intellectual functioning itself.
Hence g is a psychological construct, despite its strong dependence
on biological processes.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(004) | RACE DIFFERENCES, G, AND THE "DEFAULT HYPOTHESIS"
Reply to Locurto on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Locurto (1999) is in essential agreement with my position
on the psychometric aspects of g, its diverse nonpsychometric
correlates, and its practical predictive validity in education,
employment and other real-world outcomes, but he questions my
"default hypothesis" concerning the causal basis of racial
differences in g. It is encouraging that he is willing to discuss
this subject at all, as the discussion of racial differences in any
behavioral traits has become generally taboo in academe.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(009) | NAME-CALLING IS A DISAPPOINTING SUBSTITUTE FOR REAL CRITICISM
Reply to Brace on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Brace's ad hominem criticism and nihilistic stance
regarding key concepts in my book (Jensen 1998, 1999), particularly
the g factor and race, as I have carefully defined these terms, can
serve only one useful purpose: It gives present-day readers a view
of one of the remote outposts of the 1970's style of attack by the
ideologically committed opponents of my position 30 years ago.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(011) | COGNITIVE COMPONENTS AS CHRONOMETRIC PROBES TO BRAIN PROCESSES
Reply to Mackintosh on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Mackintosh advocates experimental and componential
analysis of the cognitive components involved in IQ tests items,
rather rthan correlations between psychometric g and brain
processes, as the more promising strategy for discovering the
causes of individual differences in the abilities we refer to as
intelligence. It can be argued that this componential approach is a
blind alley because, at the behavioural level, the components
themselves are correlated and yield a g factor much like that
derived from a battery of psychometric tests. The fact that g has
many nonpsychometric correlates, including various brain
measurements -- which are not behavioural and are not abilities in
any usual sense of the word -- suggests that a focus on the brain
correlates of g will get us to a physical explanation of g more
efficiently than research that is confined solely to behavioural
variables and psychological constructs.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(012) | THE LOCUS OF THE MODIFIABILITY OF g IS MOSTLY BIOLOGICAL
Reply to Hunt on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Hunt is hopeful that the level of g can be importantly
raised by psychological-educational means for a large proportion of
the population. It seems to me that our present, yet inadequate,
evidence on the nature of g suggests that because of its strong
biological causes and the high degree of randomness in its
microenvironmental influences that account for most of the
nongenetic variance, g is less apt to be modifiable by
psychological and educational manipulations than by biological
means. Much can be done, however, to improve the inculcation of
specific useful knowledge and skills that could make schooling,
employment, and quality of life more productive and rewarding for
many people who are not presently well-served by our traditional
system of public education because of failure to take proper
account of the wide range of individual differences in the school
population.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(013) | AN UNASSAILABLE DEFENSE OF G BUT A SIREN-SONG FOR THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Mike Anderson The University of Western Australia Nedlands WA 6019 www.uwa.edu.au/user/mike/mike.html mike@psy.uwa.edu.au |
Abstract:
Jensen presents a compelling case for the reality of g.
This represents a major scientific achievement. However, I consider
that there are two serious mistakes in his choice of scientific
strategy. The first is to adopt an operational stance -- that is,
to drop all reference to the word 'intelligence' and define our
object of scientific interest as the g-factor. This is a mistake
because the operational stance does not work in science and in this
particular case it strips the g factor of all of its psychological
significance. The second mistake is in his pursuit of the g-nexus,
where biological and psychological variables are related to social
outcomes via g. Without a serious theory of mental structure, this
attempt rings hollow. Indeed such a strategy impedes the more
crucial scientific step of developing a theory of intelligence
which, in the final analysis, is a theory of mental structure.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(014) | IQ TESTS, PSYCHOMETRIC AND CHRONOMETRIC g, AND ACHIEVEMENT
Reply to Kush on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Kush brings up a number of legitimate and useful issues
of concern to school psychologists and other fields of applied
psychometrics, about the relationship of the theory of intelligence
to the practical uses of "intelligence" tests.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(017) | MIXING UP EUGENICS AND GALTON'S LEGACY TO RESEARCH ON INTELLIGENCE
Reply to Fancher on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
The fact that Sir Francis Galton coined the word
'eugenics' and promoted the concept during the latter part of his
long life is hardly a disgrace, but it is apparently thought by
some to sully his contributions as the founding father of
differential psychology as an empirical science and to cast
subsequent developments of Galton's original ideas in this sphere
in a sinister light.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(018) | BEHAVIORAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA EQUALLY "REAL" AND RELATED
Reply to Partridge on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Partridge's criticisms labor under his misconception that
I consider biological phenomena to be more "real" than behavioral
or psychological phenomena, and he appears to be unaware of the
recent research on the physical correlates of IQ and g.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(019) | PROCESSING SPEED, INSPECTION TIME, AND NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY
Reply to Burns on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Burns discusses several physiological measures in
relation to psychometric g, but questions the importance of the
observed correlations between these measures and the g factor. I
argue that these correlations are worthy of attention, replication,
and further investigation to discover their meaning. The positive
findings are too significant to ignore. We are not in an entirely
know-nothing position, but have some promising leads of where to
look further for the physical basis of g.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(021) | "BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM" AS AN IDEOLOGICAL BUZZ-WORD
Reply to Raymond on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
The term "biological determinism" has become a buzzword
in the IQ controversy for those who adhere to what Sandra Scarr
once called "naive environmentalism" -- the notion that genetic
factors play no part in individual or group differences in
behavioural traits, which are assumed to result entirely from
environmental inequalities imposed by the capitalist economic
system and its attendant social injustices. Criticisms of "The g
Factor" (Jensen, 1998; 1999) based on this implicit ideology
accordingly miss the mark; most of the substantive points in
Raymond's (1999) critique are either incorrect or irrelevant to my
book's argument.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(022) | A FUZZY BOUNDARY OF RACIAL CLASSIFICATION ATTENUATES IQ DIFFERENCE
Reply to Jorion on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Because about 25 percent, on average, of the gene pool of
the American Black population is derived from European ancestry,
the definitional boundary between the White and Black populations
in the United States is said to be "fuzzy" in terms of the
proportions of African and European admixture of any given person
who is self-identified and socially perceived as Black. This fact
does not in the least invalidate the mean differences in mental
test scores observed between groups that are thus conventionally
referred to as "Blacks" and "Whites." There is no merit to Jorion's
(1999) claim that these facts somehow invalidate or render
artifactual the reported average phenotypic White-Black differences
on IQ and other mental tests.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(023) | A "SIMPLEST CASES" APPROACH TO EXPLORING THE NEURAL BASIS OF G
Reply to Ingber on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Ingber (1999) proposes EEG models and methods for
exploring the brain physiology responsible for g. It could well be
the case that the more ideal measurements of g that are based on a
large battery of diverse mental tests is too broad, global, or
spread through too wide an area of the brain to allow analytical
study by neurological techniques. A successful use of the kinds of
neuroscience techniques suggested by Ingber, and probably other
techniques such as fMRI and PET, may depend upon a simplification
of the behavioral side of the equation by using highly reliable
measurements of individual differences in a number of test
paradigms, each of which isolates a single pair of simple ability
variables whose correlation is part of the g nexus.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(038) | THE UBIQUITY OF MENTAL SPEED AND THE CENTRALITY OF WORKING MEMORY
Reply to Conway et al. on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Speed of information-processing, or "mental speed" (MS)
and working memory (WM) capacity are now the two most important and
fundamental constructs in theorizing about the causal nature of
psychometric g. It is doubtful that either construct alone explains
all the phenomena associated with g, and even both in combination
are proabably inadequate. The true substrate of g may be a common
cause of individual differences in both MS and WM capacity.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(039) | PSYCHOMETRIC SCEPTICISM
Reply to Harrington on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Harrington (1999) denies the reality of psychometric g
(as an artifact) and the heritability of individual differences in
the level of g. This is an extreme minority stance entirely at odds
with current views and findings in this field. The position may
still be tenable in principle, but the arguments adduced in its
support here either misrepresent what is actually said in "The g
Factor" (Jensen, 1998; 1999) or have long since been refuted, both
in the book under review and in the recent literature on human
intelligence and behavioral genetics.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(040) | IS THERE A SELF-AWARENESS OF ONE'S OWN G LEVEL?
Reply to Demetriou on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Demetriou's interesting discussion of g from his
cognitive-developmental perspective distinguishes three facets of
the g factor: biological, psychological, and subjective awareness
of one's g. Jensen explains the essential difference between
Demetriou's (2000) view and his own view (Jensen, 1998; 1999),
which recognizes only two of Demetriou's facets.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(041) | "THE G FACTOR" IS ABOUT VARIANCE IN HUMAN ABILITIES,
NOT A COGNITIVE THEORY OF MENTAL STRUCTURE Reply to Anderson on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Whatever siren-songs Anderson (2000) may have read into
'The g Factor (Jensen, 1998; 1999) have resulted from what may be
an unfortunate illusion, for which I must take the blame for not
having sufficientlr repeated and emphasized that my book was about
the nature of psychometric g per se, which deals entirely with
variance in human abilities. It was not my intention to present a
comprehensive theory of what Anderson refers to as 'mental
structure.'
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(042) | NOTHING 'MYSTIFYING' ABOUT PSYCHOMETRIC G
Reply to Richardson on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
The g factor per se, one of the most important constructs
in psychology, has never been mystifying to anyone except those who
either don't understand it or wish to influence others to reject it
because of its centrality in a broad nexus of educational and
social correlates. A careful reading of "The g Factor" (Jensen,
1998a; 1999) should utterly dispel the idea that there is anything
in the least 'mystical' or mysterious about g. The fact that the
brain variables involved in the cause of g are as yet poorly
understood doesn't make it mystical, nor does it nullify what is
already known about g at the psychometric, behavioral, and
behavior-geneti c levels, including its correlations with many
socially significant phenomena. The main thesis underpinning nearly
all the points of Richardson's (1999) argument that "IQ tests are
merely clever numerical surrogates for social class" is
demonstrably false.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(043) | REFLECTIONS ON G AND THE BRAIN
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Daniel N. Bub Department of Psychology University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia Canada V8S 3P5 dbub@uvvm.uvic.ca |
Abstract:
The argument for G urgently requires a plausible link to
underlying neurophysiological principles if it is not to remain
forever a statistical concept. Jensen argues that the correlation
between simple reaction time (SRT) and G may imply a relationship
between intelligence and a general property of the brain such as
neural transmission time. He bases this argument on the assumption
that performing SRT is so elementary and automatic that the task is
unlikely to include higher level cognitive mechanisms. I criticize
this idea in the light of a fundamental distinction between
preparation and action, and conclude that we cannot plausibly think
of even SRT as a task that does not call on basic components of
intellectual function. G therefore remains a construct that is
unsupported by more elementary principles governing brain
function.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(044) | IN LIGHT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, THE SCIENCE
OF MENTAL ABILITY IS EITHER SILLY OR POINTLESS Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Selmer Bringsjord The Minds & Machines Laboratory Dept. Philosophy, Psychology & Cognitive Science Department of Computer Science Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Troy NY 12180 USA http://www.rpi.edu/~brings selmer@rpi.edu |
Abstract:
Mental ability tests measure differences in tasks that
will soon be performed for all of us by computational agents. Such
abilities probably have nothing to do with genius.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(045) | EVOLUTION, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND SOCIAL COMMITMENTS
Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Kristof Kovacs Department of Psychology Eotvos Lorand University Budapest, Hungary Csaba Pleh Cognitive Science Group Department of Psychology University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary www.jate.u-szeged.hu/~pleh kkristof@elender.hu pleh@edpsy.u-szeged.hu |
Abstract:
The Darwinian tradition has entered psychology in two
different ways. The first is a conservative, deterministic
approach, based upon the theory of natural selection and the idea
of the survival of the fittest. The second emphasizes development
and flexibility, treating variability itself as an evolutionary
asset. We argue here that Jensen's is closer to the first,
conservative and somewhat rigid approach. This is apparent in a
general view of our species that is focused on the correlations of
g. Although the one-factor theory of intelligence is obviously a
cumulative scientific program, reducing data and treating mental
ability in a unitary way, as an applied theory it leads to a
conservative, impatient and one-sided view of society.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(046) | INTELLIGENCE, PSYCHOMETRICS, IQ, G, AND MENTAL ABILITIES:
QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY DRESSED AS SCIENCE Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Paul Barrett The State Hospital and University of Liverpool Carstairs Lanark Scotland ML11 8RP United Kingdom www.liv.ac.uk/~pbarrett/paulhome.htm p.barrett@liv.ac.uk |
Abstract:
Jensen's book is a masterpiece of scholarship and careful
reasoning. It is the definitive presentation of the outcome of
thinking and empirical work carried out in a substantive
psychological domain of interest, work that extends back to the
beginning of the 20th century. The sheer breadth of knowledge,
didactic material, and empirical facts contained within this book
make it virtually unique. Yet, I find it disquieting. Not because
of its socio-political or socio-genetic aspects, but because it
appears to exemplify a truly fundamental mistake made by many
psychologists, who assume that they are doing science when in fact
they are merely observing and classifying phenomena with ever more
complex quantitative statistical methodologies. Whilst I stand back
in awe of Jensen's profound scholarship in this book, I feel he has
inadvertently written the epitaph of g as a meaningful scientific
construct.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(085) | THE HERITABILITY OF G PROVES BOTH ITS BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
AND ITS TRANSCENDENCE OVER SPECIFIC COGNITIVE ABILITIES Reply to Bub on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Bub (2000) takes a wrong turn in his negative critique of
my approach to exploring the nature and causal basis of
psychometric g (Jensen, 1998, 2000). The fact that g is highly
heritable proves that it has a physical basis that reflects more
than learned knowledge and skills. Individual differences in
heritable behavioral traits necessarily have some physical basis.
Because heritable individual differences depend on some properties
of the brain, the fundamental research problem with respect to g is
to discover the inherited physical properties of the brain that can
explain the g phenomenon. Progress toward this goal calls for the
procedures of normal science: formulating models or hypotheses and
testing them empirically. The first steps already taken in this
process have led to the discovery of a number of behavioral
correlates of g, such as reaction time (RT) and inspection time
(IT) -- for which individual variation is related only slightly, if
at all, to prior learning -- as well as certain anatomical and
physiological brain measurements. Though we are at the beginning of
this exploration, a number of promising correlates are already in
evidence which suggest hypotheses worthy of further investigation.
These are all indicated in THE G FACTOR (Jensen, 1998) and in many
other publications cited therein. They surely amount to
considerably more than Bub's characterization as mere "surmise".
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(086) | ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND G THEORY CONCERN DIFFERENT PHENOMENA
Reply to Bringsjord on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Although I took pains in my book and its Precis (Jensen,
1998, 1999) to distinguish between the meaning of the term
'intelligence' and the meaning of the g factor, Bringsjord's (2000)
critique has unfortunately viewed 'intelligence' only in the
conceptual form adopted by those who work in the field of
artificial intelligence, which is something very different from
what my book is about. Bringsjord also confuses 'genius' with
'intelligence', although I clearly distinguished between these
concepts. Bringsjord's critique accordingly seems to lose all
relevance.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(087) | A POTPOURRI OF G-RELATED TOPICS
Reply to Kovacs & Pleh on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Kovacs & Pleh (2000) offer brief comments on such a
widely varied selection of issues related to "The g Factor"
(Jensen, 1998, 2000) that I can only attempt to reply to those of
them that seem to based on some misunderstanding of my views. Many
of Kovacs & Pleh's points are not at all incompatible with
anything in my book and often express sensible and widely accepted
views in applied psychometrics (but I will pass silently over the
few remarks that seem idealogically inspired, such as that g theory
is "conservative" and "deterministic.")
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |
11(088) | A NIHILISTIC PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE FOR A SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY?
Reply to Barrett on Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor Arthur R. Jensen Educational Psychology School of Education University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1670 nesnejanda@aol.com |
Abstract:
Barrett's (2000) nihilistic notion of the philosophy of
science is, I believe, very mistaken in its assumptions and
limiting constraints, which would be largely rejected by most
philosophers of science past or present. The conditions imposed by
Barrett would greatly hinder or even prevent progress in
understanding phenomena at the frontier of any relatively
undeveloped science, not only for psychology, but in any other area
of natural phenomena. The fallacy is in his assumption that we
cannot measure anything until we already know everything about what
we are attempting to measure. The history of every field of
science amply contradicts this Draconian restriction.
Keywords: behavior genetics, cognitive modelling, evoked potentials, evolutionary psychology, factor analysis, g factor, heritability, individual differences, intelligence, IQ, neurometrics, psychometrics, psychophyiology, skills, Spearman, statistics |